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Structural behavior of precast concrete wall panels due to dynamic load: A review
The rapid population growth and urbanization have made a massive demand for the shelter
and construction materials. Masonry walls are the major component in the housing sector and
it has brittle characteristics and exhibit poor performance against the uncertain loads.
Further, the structure requires heavier sections for carrying the dead weight of masonry
walls. The present investigations are carried out to develop a simple, lightweight and cost
effective technology for replacing the existing wall systems. The lightweight concrete is
developed for the construction of
cement wall panel. The EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) beads of 3 mm diameter size are
mixed with concrete and developed a lightweight concrete with a density 9 kN/m3. The
lightweight sandwich panel is cast with a lightweight concrete inner core and ferrocement
outer skins. This lightweight wall panel is tested for in-plane compression loading. A
nonlinear finite element analysis with damaged plasticity model is carried out with both
material and geometrical nonlinearities. The experimental and analytical results were
compared. The finite element study predicted the ultimate load carrying capacity of the
sandwich panel with reasonable accuracy. The present study showed that the lightweight
concrete is well suitable for the lightweight sandwich wall panels.
Architectural precast concrete wall panels that act as loadbearing elements in a
building are both a structurally efficient and economical means o f transferring floor and
roof loads through the structure and into the foundation. In many cases, this
integration can also simplify construction and reduce costs. This article presents the many
benefit s that ca n be derived from using loadbearing architectural precast concrete walls
in buildings. Discussed herein are the various shapes and sizes of wall pane ls, major
design considerations, and when loadbearing or shear wall units should be the first
design choice. The role o f connections, shear walls, and the use of precast concrete as
forms for cast-in-place concrete is explained. In general, the design methods and
techniques presented in this article apply to buildings in both seismic and non-
seismic areas. The latter part of this article shows how these design principles can be
applied in practice in a variety of buildings. These examples illustrate the use of window
wall panels, spandrels, and solid or sandwich wall panels as the loadbearing wall members.
When all the advantages of using architectural precast concrete as loadbearing walls are
added up, it makes good sense to use this structural form in building
applications.
An experimental study has been carried out to determine the strength and behaviour of
bamboo-reinforced concrete wood texture cement wall panel under one-way in-plane
action. Three full-scale bamboo-reinforced concrete wall panels were tested to fail under a
uniformly distributed load applied at an eccentricity of t/6. Slenderness ratio of all wall
panels was kept constant as 25 with varying aspect ratio and thinness ratio. The influence
of aspect ratio and thinness ratio on the ultimate strength and behaviour of wall panel was
studied. The aspect ratio of wall panels considered includes 1, 1.204 and 1.515, and
thinness ratio of wall panels includes 16.5, 20.75 and 25. Based on the study, an empirical
equation for predicting the ultimate load of bamboo-reinforced concrete wall panel was
proposed.
The effect of the earthquake resulted in the destruction of infrastructure, especially
residential buildings. The construction of decent housing with an adequate level of
security is a demand. Generally, the most severe damage when an earthquake occurs is wall
collapse of the houses. The precast panel wall is an alternative solution in answering the
needs of post-earthquake housing development, because of the fast construction time and
high calculation accuracy. The behavior of structural precast concrete
split rock surface wall panels designed improperly instead of following the standard
or regulations will likely encounter a poor performance during an earthquake compared to
those designed in accordance with the standards. The purpose of the present study is to
compile the findings from previous studies of precast concrete panel walls, especially
their performances in handling earthquake load. It reveals that the stability, especially
in ductility, affects the performance of precast concrete panel walls. In this study, the
walls of precast concrete panels are made in half scale and given dynamic loads to simulate
earthquake forces. This review is expected to provide guideline of similar subsequent
research.
It’s no wonder demand for precast is rising, especially considering the numerous
benefits structural precast panels offer — from quick installation to fire resistance.
1. Thermal insulation
All elements of a well-engineered structural precast panel work together to provide a
high level of insulation. Manufacturers often use a combination of concrete and EPS foam
that maximizes the foam in the concrete piece, increasing insulation capabilities. A
building constructed of structural precast panels may reduce energy consumption by as much
as 30%.
2. Sustainable materials
Quite simply, a building made with structural precast panels will consume less energy,
but an idea that should be at the heart of any sustainability conversation is product life.
The use of concrete dates back to Roman times and its durability is still on display all
across Europe. That raw, ancient building material has remained virtually unchanged for
thousands of years. Many of the materials used in precast concrete are, as a rule, locally
sourced, including the cement, the coarse and fine aggregates, and the steel.
3. Long-term viability and flexibility
Structural precast allows for a very modular building envelope. As business
requirements change and needs evolve, an existing precast building has the flexibility to
be expanded and modified. With structural precast concrete panels, you can add or remove
pedestrian doors and dock doors, incorporate daylighting options, and even remove 75% of a
wall. And due to its modular design, total repurposing of a precast building is entirely
possible; churches can become car dealerships, warehouses can become micro-breweries… the
options are only limited by a property owner’s imagination.
4. Quick installation
Speed is a critical hallmark of structural precast construction. “With precast panels,
you can establish a larger completed footprint in a shorter amount of time,” says George
Miks, director of engineering.“If you think of a masonry wall, what they send out to the
site are a bunch of blocks that have to be assembled and constructed out in the field.”
When structural precast panels arrive at a job site, the pieces are ready to install. If
things go smoothly out in the field, an experienced crew can install 20 to 30, 12-foot
panels in a day.
5. Load-bearing capabilities and wind resistance
Structural precast concrete panels are comprised of high-strength concrete and
prestressed steel strand. It’s relatively routine for precast concrete wall panels have a
compressive strength of approximately 7,000 PSI. You can apply loads in excess of 100,000
pounds to the panels, Miks says. “When you build steel buildings, for instance, you have
to put up perimeter beams and columns and then put steel skin against it. All of that steel
has to support those enclosure panels,” Miks says. “With a structural precast wall
system, you don’t need any of those perimeter beams and columns. You can just tip up the
panel and have the roof steel members themselves attach to the precast. That also means you
’ll be spending less on steel.” Precast also stands up to Mother Nature’s wrath,
shrugging off tornadoes, flying projectiles and winds up to 250 miles per hour.
6. Fire and sound ratings
Concrete is obviously an effective barrier for fire; it simply doesn’t burn well.
Precast concrete thin cement rammed earth wall panels are capable of providing
a two- to four-hour fire rating. Precast walls also stay intact even in hot chemical fires.
Warehouses often use precast wall panels as dividers to protect goods on the other side of
fire-prone areas. “The more delay you can create from one side to the other, the better
chance of getting people out safely without incident and also the higher probability of
protecting goods and services,” Miks says.
Constructing a commercial structure is a huge undertaking and a significant investment.
Whether you’re charged with the growth of a company, serving your community or building a
legacy of your own, precast construction is a solid, responsible option said Miks.
In this paper, an optimization-based design model of precast concrete
cement rustic decoration wall panels for a building facade is presented.
The key concept is an integrated model that can concurrently handle all of the related
design and construction disciplines in the decision making process. The integrated model is
decomposed hierarchically into several subproblems, thus a multilevel multiobjective
optimization problem is obtained. Besides the multilevel aspect, the model presented can
also handle knowledge-based requirements which are in general difficult to deal with by
conventional hill-climbing optimization schemes. A solution procedure to solve this model
is developed and applied to an example of PCWP for a four-story building facade.
The rapid population growth and urbanization have made a massive demand for the shelter
and construction materials. Masonry walls are the major component in the housing sector and
it has brittle characteristics and exhibit poor performance against the uncertain loads.
Further, the structure requires heavier sections for carrying the dead weight of masonry
walls. The present investigations are carried out to develop a simple, lightweight and cost
effective technology for replacing the existing wall systems. The lightweight concrete is
developed for the construction of
cement wall panel. The EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) beads of 3 mm diameter size are
mixed with concrete and developed a lightweight concrete with a density 9 kN/m3. The
lightweight sandwich panel is cast with a lightweight concrete inner core and ferrocement
outer skins. This lightweight wall panel is tested for in-plane compression loading. A
nonlinear finite element analysis with damaged plasticity model is carried out with both
material and geometrical nonlinearities. The experimental and analytical results were
compared. The finite element study predicted the ultimate load carrying capacity of the
sandwich panel with reasonable accuracy. The present study showed that the lightweight
concrete is well suitable for the lightweight sandwich wall panels.
Architectural precast concrete wall panels that act as loadbearing elements in a
building are both a structurally efficient and economical means o f transferring floor and
roof loads through the structure and into the foundation. In many cases, this
integration can also simplify construction and reduce costs. This article presents the many
benefit s that ca n be derived from using loadbearing architectural precast concrete walls
in buildings. Discussed herein are the various shapes and sizes of wall pane ls, major
design considerations, and when loadbearing or shear wall units should be the first
design choice. The role o f connections, shear walls, and the use of precast concrete as
forms for cast-in-place concrete is explained. In general, the design methods and
techniques presented in this article apply to buildings in both seismic and non-
seismic areas. The latter part of this article shows how these design principles can be
applied in practice in a variety of buildings. These examples illustrate the use of window
wall panels, spandrels, and solid or sandwich wall panels as the loadbearing wall members.
When all the advantages of using architectural precast concrete as loadbearing walls are
added up, it makes good sense to use this structural form in building
applications.
An experimental study has been carried out to determine the strength and behaviour of
bamboo-reinforced concrete wood texture cement wall panel under one-way in-plane
action. Three full-scale bamboo-reinforced concrete wall panels were tested to fail under a
uniformly distributed load applied at an eccentricity of t/6. Slenderness ratio of all wall
panels was kept constant as 25 with varying aspect ratio and thinness ratio. The influence
of aspect ratio and thinness ratio on the ultimate strength and behaviour of wall panel was
studied. The aspect ratio of wall panels considered includes 1, 1.204 and 1.515, and
thinness ratio of wall panels includes 16.5, 20.75 and 25. Based on the study, an empirical
equation for predicting the ultimate load of bamboo-reinforced concrete wall panel was
proposed.
The effect of the earthquake resulted in the destruction of infrastructure, especially
residential buildings. The construction of decent housing with an adequate level of
security is a demand. Generally, the most severe damage when an earthquake occurs is wall
collapse of the houses. The precast panel wall is an alternative solution in answering the
needs of post-earthquake housing development, because of the fast construction time and
high calculation accuracy. The behavior of structural precast concrete
split rock surface wall panels designed improperly instead of following the standard
or regulations will likely encounter a poor performance during an earthquake compared to
those designed in accordance with the standards. The purpose of the present study is to
compile the findings from previous studies of precast concrete panel walls, especially
their performances in handling earthquake load. It reveals that the stability, especially
in ductility, affects the performance of precast concrete panel walls. In this study, the
walls of precast concrete panels are made in half scale and given dynamic loads to simulate
earthquake forces. This review is expected to provide guideline of similar subsequent
research.
It’s no wonder demand for precast is rising, especially considering the numerous
benefits structural precast panels offer — from quick installation to fire resistance.
1. Thermal insulation
All elements of a well-engineered structural precast panel work together to provide a
high level of insulation. Manufacturers often use a combination of concrete and EPS foam
that maximizes the foam in the concrete piece, increasing insulation capabilities. A
building constructed of structural precast panels may reduce energy consumption by as much
as 30%.
2. Sustainable materials
Quite simply, a building made with structural precast panels will consume less energy,
but an idea that should be at the heart of any sustainability conversation is product life.
The use of concrete dates back to Roman times and its durability is still on display all
across Europe. That raw, ancient building material has remained virtually unchanged for
thousands of years. Many of the materials used in precast concrete are, as a rule, locally
sourced, including the cement, the coarse and fine aggregates, and the steel.
3. Long-term viability and flexibility
Structural precast allows for a very modular building envelope. As business
requirements change and needs evolve, an existing precast building has the flexibility to
be expanded and modified. With structural precast concrete panels, you can add or remove
pedestrian doors and dock doors, incorporate daylighting options, and even remove 75% of a
wall. And due to its modular design, total repurposing of a precast building is entirely
possible; churches can become car dealerships, warehouses can become micro-breweries… the
options are only limited by a property owner’s imagination.
4. Quick installation
Speed is a critical hallmark of structural precast construction. “With precast panels,
you can establish a larger completed footprint in a shorter amount of time,” says George
Miks, director of engineering.“If you think of a masonry wall, what they send out to the
site are a bunch of blocks that have to be assembled and constructed out in the field.”
When structural precast panels arrive at a job site, the pieces are ready to install. If
things go smoothly out in the field, an experienced crew can install 20 to 30, 12-foot
panels in a day.
5. Load-bearing capabilities and wind resistance
Structural precast concrete panels are comprised of high-strength concrete and
prestressed steel strand. It’s relatively routine for precast concrete wall panels have a
compressive strength of approximately 7,000 PSI. You can apply loads in excess of 100,000
pounds to the panels, Miks says. “When you build steel buildings, for instance, you have
to put up perimeter beams and columns and then put steel skin against it. All of that steel
has to support those enclosure panels,” Miks says. “With a structural precast wall
system, you don’t need any of those perimeter beams and columns. You can just tip up the
panel and have the roof steel members themselves attach to the precast. That also means you
’ll be spending less on steel.” Precast also stands up to Mother Nature’s wrath,
shrugging off tornadoes, flying projectiles and winds up to 250 miles per hour.
6. Fire and sound ratings
Concrete is obviously an effective barrier for fire; it simply doesn’t burn well.
Precast concrete thin cement rammed earth wall panels are capable of providing
a two- to four-hour fire rating. Precast walls also stay intact even in hot chemical fires.
Warehouses often use precast wall panels as dividers to protect goods on the other side of
fire-prone areas. “The more delay you can create from one side to the other, the better
chance of getting people out safely without incident and also the higher probability of
protecting goods and services,” Miks says.
Constructing a commercial structure is a huge undertaking and a significant investment.
Whether you’re charged with the growth of a company, serving your community or building a
legacy of your own, precast construction is a solid, responsible option said Miks.
In this paper, an optimization-based design model of precast concrete
cement rustic decoration wall panels for a building facade is presented.
The key concept is an integrated model that can concurrently handle all of the related
design and construction disciplines in the decision making process. The integrated model is
decomposed hierarchically into several subproblems, thus a multilevel multiobjective
optimization problem is obtained. Besides the multilevel aspect, the model presented can
also handle knowledge-based requirements which are in general difficult to deal with by
conventional hill-climbing optimization schemes. A solution procedure to solve this model
is developed and applied to an example of PCWP for a four-story building facade.